A Normative-Analytical Study of Riba and Its Manifestations in Market Exchange within Islamic Commercial Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37304/jied.v1i2.23431Kata Kunci:
Islamic Commercial Law, Market Exchange, Usury, Fiqh MuamalahAbstrak
This study examines the normative logic of riba and its manifestations in contemporary market exchange amid the persistent presence of interest-based practices that contribute to economic inequality and distort fair transactions. Addressing the conceptual gap between classical juristic definitions and modern economic realities, the research aims to clarify how riba operates theoretically and in practice. Employing a qualitative normative method, the study utilizes thematic textual analysis of Qur’anic verses, hadith, classical fiqh literature, and contemporary scholarly works, processed through textual mapping, juristic comparison, and conceptual synthesis. The findings reveal three key points: first, the essential logic of riba is characterized by asymmetry, exploitation, and unearned gain; second, modern market systems reproduce riba-like patterns through interest-bearing debt, unequal countervalues, and deferred reciprocal exchanges; and third, classical fiqh principles remain relevant when understood through their underlying legal causes (‘illah). These results indicate significant implications for Islamic finance regulation, consumer protection, and the development of equitable contractual structures. The study ultimately contributes a refined theoretical framework for aligning contemporary market practices with Islamic legal and ethical standards.
Penelitian ini mengkaji logika normatif riba dan berbagai manifestasinya dalam praktik pertukaran pasar kontemporer di tengah masih maraknya praktik berbasis bunga yang berkontribusi terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi dan distorsi keadilan transaksi. Dengan melihat adanya kesenjangan konseptual antara definisi ulama klasik dan realitas ekonomi modern, penelitian ini bertujuan memperjelas bagaimana riba beroperasi secara teoritis maupun praktis. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan normatif kualitatif melalui analisis tekstual tematik terhadap ayat Al-Qur’an, Hadis, literatur fiqh klasik, serta kajian-kajian kontemporer, yang dianalisis melalui pemetaan teks, komparasi yuridis, dan sintesis konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga temuan utama: pertama, logika dasar riba ditandai oleh ketidakseimbangan, eksploitasi, dan keuntungan tanpa sebab yang sah; kedua, sistem pasar modern mereproduksi pola-pola riba melalui utang berbasis bunga, ketidakseimbangan nilai tukar, dan pertukaran tangguh yang tidak setara; dan ketiga, prinsip-prinsip fiqh klasik tetap relevan bila dipahami melalui ‘illah hukumnya. Temuan ini memiliki implikasi penting bagi regulasi keuangan syariah, perlindungan konsumen, serta pengembangan struktur akad yang lebih adil. Penelitian ini pada akhirnya menawarkan kerangka teoretis yang lebih sistematis untuk menyelaraskan praktik pasar kontemporer dengan standar hukum dan etika Islam.
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