The Resilient Digital Self: An Islamic Educational Philosophy of Iqbal’s Khudi for Interfaith Harmony

(Diri Digital yang Tangguh: Rekonstruksi Filsafat Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Khudi Iqbal untuk Membangun Harmoni Antaragama)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37304/jied.v2i3.26998

Keywords:

Passive Harmony, Khudi, Islamic Educational Philosophy

Abstract

This study examines digital interfaith tolerance in the contemporary cyber public sphere, where tolerance is frequently trapped in passive harmony that prioritizes conflict evasion rather than genuine character building. The issue is significant because mainstream digital literacy lacks a solid pedagogical foundation to protect students from polarizing threats such as cancel culture. Purpose: This study aims to formulate a conceptual framework for character education by utilizing Islamic Educational Philosophy and integrating Muhammad Iqbal’s concept of selfhood as a primary foundation for cultivating the resilient digital subject. Method: This qualitative library research utilizes Islamic Educational Philosophy to develop a conceptual framework for character education and examines Muhammad Iqbal’s concept of selfhood as a philosophical foundation for the resilient digital subject. Findings: The findings show that the internalization of Khudi values transforms students into proactive digital stewards (khalifah), equipping them with the capacity to create constructive counter-narratives and mitigate digital pollution. Contribution: As its primary scholarly contribution, this study proposes a novel philosophical-pedagogical framework for cultivating resilient digital citizenship grounded in Islamic Educational Philosophy. This conceptual framework provides a structural model for fostering an authentic and harmonious digital educational ecosystem.

Penelitian ini mengkaji toleransi antaragama di ruang publik siber kontemporer, yang sering terjebak dalam harmoni pasif. Kondisi ini hanya mengutamakan penghindaran konflik dan belum mampu mendorong pembentukan karakter yang sesungguhnya. Persoalan ini menjadi penting karena literasi digital arus utama belum memiliki landasan pedagogis yang kuat untuk melindungi peserta didik dari berbagai ancaman polarisasi, seperti cancel culture. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan kerangka konseptual pendidikan karakter dengan menggunakan Filsafat Pendidikan Islam serta mengintegrasikan konsep selfhood Muhammad Iqbal sebagai landasan utama untuk membentuk subjek digital yang tangguh (resilient digital subject). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan Filsafat Pendidikan Islam untuk mengembangkan kerangka konseptual pendidikan karakter dan mengkaji konsep selfhood Muhammad Iqbal sebagai landasan filosofis bagi pembentukan subjek digital yang tangguh. Temuan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa internalisasi nilai-nilai Khudi mentransformasikan peserta didik menjadi pengelola ruang digital yang proaktif (khalifah), serta membekali mereka dengan kemampuan untuk menciptakan narasi tandingan yang konstruktif dan mengurangi polusi digital. Kontribusi: Sebagai kontribusi ilmiah utama, penelitian ini mengusulkan kerangka filosofis-pedagogis baru untuk membangun kewargaan digital yang tangguh berdasarkan Filsafat Pendidikan Islam. Kerangka konseptual ini menyediakan model struktural untuk membangun ekosistem pendidikan digital yang autentik dan harmonis.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
DOI: 10.37304/jied.v2i3.26998 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.37304/jied.v2i3.26998
Views: 32 | Downloads: 6

References

Abdel-Fadil, M. (2017). Identity Politics in a Mediatized Religious Environment on Facebook: Yes to Wearing the Cross Whenever and Wherever I Choose. Journal of Religion in Europe, 10(4), 457–486. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-01004001

Abdullah, H. (2025). Intellectual Security, Globalization, and Civilizational Narratives: Strengthening Islamic Identity in Europe. The International Specialized Journal of Islamic Studies, 10(2), 106–123. https://doi.org/10.31559/SIS2025.10.2.4

Abdullah, I., Jubba, H., Qudsy, S. Z., Pabbajah, M., & Prasojo, Z. H. (2024). The Use and Abuse of Internet Spaces: Fitna, desacralization, and conflict in Indonesia’s virtual reality. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v16.i3.8962

Aguiar, T. R., Lopes, D., & Brooks, T. R. (2025). Qualitative Insights Into Cancel Culture Prevention, Its Potential Individual Impacts, and How to Explore them. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1), 8479135. https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/8479135

Ahmad, B., Ahmad, U., & Hussain, M. (2023). Searching the Self through Iqbal’s Concept of “Khudi” for Values under Today’s Environment Challenges and Dichotomies. Bahria University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.58800/bujhss.v6i1.171

Ahmmad, M., Shahzad, K., Iqbal, A., & Latif, M. (2025). Trap of Social Media Algorithms: A Systematic Review of Research on Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Their Impact on Students. Societies, 15(11), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15110301

Al Fajri, R. (2025). Integrating Gamification, Digital Literacy, and Local Wisdom into a Framework for Strengthening Digital Tolerance in Indonesia. Journal of General Education and Humanities, 4(4), 1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.58421/gehu.v4i4.716

Ali, R., Özvatan, Ö., & Walter, L. (2023). The Narrative Foundations of Radical and Deradicalizing Online Discursive Spaces: A Comparison of the Cases of Generation Islam and Jamal al-Khatib in Germany. Religions, 14(2), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020167

Althibyani, H. A., & Al-Zahrani, A. M. (2023). Investigating the Effect of Students’ Knowledge, Beliefs, and Digital Citizenship Skills on the Prevention of Cybercrime. Sustainability, 15(15), 11512. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511512

Ameer, S., & Hukamdad, M. (2025). Digital Citizenship and Online Learning in Pakistan: Highlighting the Need for Promoting Responsible Online Behavior in a Growing Digital Education Landscape. ProScholar Insights, 4(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.62997/psi.2025b-42086

Amin, M., & Ritonga, A. D. (2024). Diversity, Local Wisdom, and Unique Characteristics of Millennials as Capital for Innovative Learning Models: Evidence from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Societies, 14(12), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14120260

Amin, R., Khakwani, F., Mehmood, S., & Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. (2022). Influences of Iqbal’s Purview of Khudi on Individuals’ Psycho-Socio-Emotional Development. University of Wah Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.56220/UWJSS2022/0501/02

Anam, R. K. (2024). The Ontology of Muhammad Iqbal’s Panentheism and Its Relevance to Environmental Ethics. KALAM, 18(2), 127–152. https://doi.org/10.24042/kalam.v18i2.23871

Anam, R. K. (2025a). Filsafat Teknologi Martin Heidegger Membongkar Gestell, Menemukan Ereignis. EL-MARKAZI. https://elmarkazistore.com/filsafat-teknologi-martin-heidegger-membongkar-gestell-menemukan-ereignis/

Anam, R. K. (2025b). The Abyss And The Ascent: Nihilism And The Quest For Meaning In Nietzsche And Heidegger (1st ed.). Eliva press. https://www.elivapress.com/en/book/book-6108608397/

Azisi, A. M., Basyir, K., Najihuddin, M., Karimah, S., & Assyifa, U. H. (2023). Recontextualizing Interfaith Dialogue as an Implementation of Religious Moderation in the Modern Era: A Study of the Online-Based Inclusive Movement. FOKUS Jurnal Kajian Keislaman Dan Kemasyarakatan, 8(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.29240/jf.v8i1.7461

Bhatia, K. (2019). ‘In times of crisis, followers of one true god unite’: Social media and the formation of online religious silos. Medijske Studije, 10(19), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.20901/ms.10.19.7

Bliuc, A.-M., Betts, J., Vergani, M., Iqbal, M., & Dunn, K. (2019). Collective identity changes in far-right online communities: The role of offline intergroup conflict. New Media & Society, 21(8), 1770–1786. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819831779

Cover, R. (2024). Apprehending digital hostility and online abuse: Feminist care ethics in/and digital ecologies. Thesis Eleven, 183(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/07255136241284658

Demirel Ucan, A., & Wright, A. (2019). Improving the pedagogy of Islamic religious education through an application of critical religious education, variation theory and the learning study model. British Journal of Religious Education, 41(2), 202–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2018.1484695

Diepeveen, S., & Pinet, M. (2022). User perspectives on digital literacy as a response to misinformation. Development Policy Review, 40(S2), e12671. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12671

Elsaesser, C. M., Patton, D. U., Kelley, A., Santiago, J., & Clarke, A. (2021). Avoiding fights on social media: Strategies students leverage to navigate conflict in a digital era. Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3), 806–821. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22363

Elwert, F., Tabti, S., & Pfahler, L. (2020). Me, myself and the other. Interreligious and intrareligious relations in neo-conservative online forums. Religion, 50(3), 414–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1754603

Fernandes, T., & Oliveira, R. (2024). Brands as drivers of social media fatigue and its effects on students’ disengagement: The perspective of young consumers. Young Consumers, 25(5), 625–644. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-09-2023-1873

George, M. W. (2008). The elements of library research: What every student needs to know. Princeton University Press.

Greig, M. A., & Hogg, R. C. (2025). ‘Unfollow Them!’: The Role of Morality‐ and Emotion‐Related Factors in the Cancelling Process. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2025(1), 7144903. https://doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/7144903

Grigoropoulou, N. (2020). Discussing God: The Effect of (Ir)Religious Identities on Topic-Sentiment Polarization in Online Debates. Review of Religious Research, 62(4), 533–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00425-y

Guess, A. M., Lerner, M., Lyons, B., Montgomery, J. M., Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Sircar, N. (2020). A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(27), 15536–15545.

Hameed, M. B., & Adnan, M. (2024). The Role of Social Media in Enhancing Religious Tolerance and Interfaith Harmony in Pakistan. Global Mass Communication Review, IX(III), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2024(IX-III).10

Hariyanto, D., Dharma, F. A., Yussof, I., & Muharram, F. (2024). The Hyperreality of Identity Politics on Social Media. Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 8(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v8i1.28356

Hidayat, A., & Alamsah, J. (2024). Muhammad Iqbal’s Philosophy of Khudi (A Critical Analysis of Modern Science). Indonesian Journal of Islamic Theology and Philosophy, 6(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.24042/ijitp.v6i1.20742

Huddleston, A. (2024). Nietzsche on values. Philosophy Compass, 19(11), e70006. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.70006

Ichsan, M. N., Utari, P., & Satyawan, I. A. (2020). Identity Management Online and Offline among Multi-religious Communities. Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v13i1.5293

Isaac, R. K., & Platenkamp, V. (2018). Dionysus Versus Apollo: An Uncertain Search for Identity Through Dark Tourism—Palestine as a Case Study. In P. R. Stone, R. Hartmann, T. Seaton, R. Sharpley, & L. White (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies (pp. 211–225). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47566-4_9

Iskandar, D., Suratno, G., & Raharjo, D. H. (2025). Navigating Faith Online: Social Media and Religious Literacy among Women’s Religious Groups. KOMUNIKA: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 19(1), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v19i1.12085

Jakiyudin, A. H. (2023). Urgensi Literasi Moderasi Beragama Dalam Ruang Bermedia Sosial Perspektif Al Qur’an. JURNAL PENELITIAN, 17(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.21043/jp.v17i1.17148

Khan, S. A., & Munawwar, F. (2024). A Comparative Exploration of Human Potential and Self-Transcendence in Iqbal and Nietzsche. Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy, 8(10), 552–557. https://doi.org/10.36348/jaep.2024.v08i10.001

Kinnvall, C. (2004). Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security. Political Psychology, 25(5), 741–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00396.x

Kozhoridze, D. G. (2025). Digital Morality and Networked Justice: Cancel Culture in the Perception of Students. Теория и Практика Общественного Развития, (9), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2025.9.13

Li, C. (2021). Active Harmony and Passive Harmony.

Lyuty, T. (2024). Friedrich Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Nihilism in the Posthumous Fragments (1885–1888). NaUKMA Research Papers in Philosophy and Religious Studies, 13, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.18523/2617-1678.2024.13.45-56

Masluhah, M., Afifah, K. R., & Salik, M. (2021). Pemikiran Muhammad Iqbal Tentang Pendidikan Karakter Dan Relevansinya Dengan Era Disrupsi. Ta’allum: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 9(2), 317–338. https://doi.org/10.21274/taalum.2021.9.2.317-338

Missier, C. A. (2025). Extreme Beliefs in a Digital Age: Influence of digital media on social imaginaries, epistemic authorities and fundamentalist beliefs of Gen Y and Gen Z in Amsterdam and Mumbai [Dr., Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]. https://doi.org/10.5463/thesis.1186

Muna, P. N., Riski, G. A., Aslamiyah, T., Diarto, W. S., Kurniawan, M. F., Sholikhah, M., & Kurniawan, R. (2026). Interfaith Harmony and Digital Media: A Study of the Dissemination of Islamic Solidarity Values through Podcast. TATHO: International Journal of Islamic Thought and Sciences, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.70512/tatho.v3i1.92

Muqtada, M. R. (2022). Moderating Islam Through Indonesian Muslim Manuscript on Ngariksa YouTube Channel: The Study of Sufi’s Understanding on the Qur’an and Hadith Text. ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 22(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.14421/esensia.v22i2.3038

Naamy, N. (2022). Islamic Da’wah and Cancel Culture on Virtual Media (A Case of Salafi in Lombok). Lentera: Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 159–180. https://doi.org/10.21093/lentera.v0i0.7397

Novak, C., Haselbacher, M., Mattes, A., & Limacher, K. (2022). Religious “Bubbles” in a Superdiverse Digital Landscape? Research with Religious Students on Instagram. Religions, 13(3), 213. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030213

Nurfitria, N. (2025). Cancel Culture among Indonesian Muslims on Social Media: Dynamics and Implications. Digital Muslim Review, 2(2), 118–133. https://doi.org/10.32678/dmr.v2i2.54

Nuril Hidayati, Ririn Tri Puspita Ningrum, Ulfi Dina Hamida, Nilna Fauza, M. Habib Nur Rohman, & Iktasifa Rizkiani. (2023). Muhammad Iqbal’s Thoughts and its Relevance to Sustainable Development. Proceeding of International Conference on Islamic Economics, Islamic Banking, Zakah and Waqf, 1, 25–42. https://doi.org/10.24090/ieibzawa.v1i.741

Nurwahidin, M., Sofia, A., Perdana, D. R., Diana, S. M., & Hermawan, J. S. (2025). Gen Z Bijak Digital Penguatan Mental Remaja Melalui Dakwah Kreatif dan Literasi Keagamaan di Media Sosial. Kurnia Mengabdi: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(2), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.61476/yb59mq07

Nyhan, B., Settle, J., Thorson, E., Wojcieszak, M., Barberá, P., Chen, A. Y., Allcott, H., Brown, T., Crespo-Tenorio, A., & Dimmery, D. (2023). Like-minded sources on Facebook are prevalent but not polarizing. Nature, 620(7972), 137–144.

Pahutar, A. A. (2024). Rekonstruksi Pemikiran Islam Muhammad Iqbal. I’tiqadiah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ilmu-Ilmu Kesyariahan, 1(2), 141–168. https://doi.org/10.63424/itiqadiah.v1i2.48

Prasetyo, B., Suarmini, N. W., Widyastuti, T., Prasetyawati, N., & Rahadiantino, L. (2024). Digital Mediation in Interfaith Dialogue: Advancing Christian-Islamic Unity in the Modern Age. KnE Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i32.17455

Purbiyati, Y. S., & Amelia, L. (2025). the role of spiritual practices on social media use for generation Z. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 9(1). https://doi.org/10.29040/ijebar.v9i1.16066

Qin, C., Li, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, J., Tong, L., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2024). Too much social media? Unveiling the effects of determinants in social media fatigue. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1277846. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1277846

Rahman, G. (2025). Reconstructing Islamic Identity in Modern Times: A Narrative Review of Educational Reform and Intellectual Responses. Sinergi International Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijis.v3i1.708

Richardson, J. (2020). Nihilism: Against Morality—and Truth? In J. Richardson, Nietzsche’s Values (1st ed., pp. 240–303). Oxford University PressNew York. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098230.003.0007

Roldan, C. J. L., Ong, A. K. S., & Tomas, D. Q. (2024). Cancel culture in a developing country: A belief in a just world behavioral analysis among generation Z. Acta Psychologica, 248, 104378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104378

Samet, Uri. (2025). Crisis Fatigue in the Digital Age: How Constant Exposure to Disasters Affects Public Attention and Engagement. International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 11(3), 1084–1095. https://doi.org/10.32628/CSEIT25111681

Schutte, S., Karell, D., & Barrett, R. (2025). Online speech and communal conflict: Evidence from India. PNAS Nexus, 4(5), pgaf149. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf149

Senoprabowo, A., Hasyim, N., Muqoddas, A., & Tari, E. (2025). A comparative study of the concept of religious tolerance in indonesian commercial advertisements using charles sanders peirce’s semiotic analysis. Harmoni, 24(1), 21–52. https://doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v24i1.851

Setia, P., & Haq, M. Z. (2023). Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation. FOCUS, 4(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.26593/focus.v4i1.6571

Shakeel, J. (2024). Friedrich Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Übermensch (Overman) and Muhammad Iqbal’s Philosophy of Insan-i-Kamal (Perfect Man): Comparative Analysis. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(2), 16774. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.16774

Shamim, S. (2024). Social Media and the Reshaping of Religious Identity in Students. International Journal of Academic Studies in Science and Education, 2(1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.55549/ijasse.9

Sheng, N., Yang, C., Han, L., & Jou, M. (2023). Too much overload and concerns: Antecedents of social media fatigue and the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Computers in Human Behavior, 139, 107500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107500

Sihombing, A. (2025). Spiritualitas Kristen Dalam Bayang-Bayang Virtualitas: Menafsir Kehadiran Ilahi Dan Tanggung Jawab Etis Gereja Di Era Digital Global. Manna Rafflesia, 12(1), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.38091/man_raf.v12i1.619

Stahl, B. C. (2024). From Corporate Digital Responsibility to Responsible Digital Ecosystems. Sustainability, 16(12), 4972. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16124972

Stewart-Kroeker, P. (2023). Nihilism: Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and Now. Open Philosophy, 6(1), 20220235. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0235

Sulvinajayanti, Nisa, A. K., & Hilmiyah, M. (2024). Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 4757–4765. https://doi.org/10.61707/frs7yn36

Sulvinajayanti, S., Bahfiarti, T., Sultan, M. I., Nisa, A. K., & Saleh, A. A. (2025). The Role of Religious Diversity in Creating Harmony and Synergy for Sustainable Development in the Digital Era. In A. R. Cangara & S. Muhammad (Eds.), Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Sociological Association Conference (APSA 2024) (Vol. 35, pp. 102–113). Atlantis Press International BV. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-680-2_9

Tariq, A. (n.d.). Iqbal and The Islamic Thought. International Bulletin of Theology and Civilization (IBTC), 7(2), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.71465/ibtc126

Trier, M., Kundisch, D., Beverungen, D., Müller, O., Schryen, G., Mirbabaie, M., & Trang, S. (2023). Digital Responsibility: A Multilevel Framework for Responsible Digitalization. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 65(4), 463–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00822-x

Utari, I. S., Ramada, D. P., Kamal, U., Damayanti, R., & Alias, N. (2025). The Digital Sanctuary: Forging Legal And Ethical Frameworks For Interfaith Coexistence Online. Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society, 4(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v4i2.35309

Van Der Meer, T., & Hameleers, M. (2021). Fighting biased news diets: Using news media literacy interventions to stimulate online cross-cutting media exposure patterns. New Media & Society, 23(11), 3156–3178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820946455

Van Grunsven, J., & Marin, L. (2024). Technosocial disruption, enactivism, & social media: On the overlooked risks of teenage cancel culture. Technology in Society, 78, 102602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102602

Yaqinah, S. N., & Antok, I. H. (2024). Analysis Of Islamic Communication About Oxymora Cancel Culture On Virtual Media In Indonesia. Al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 9(2), 351–392. https://doi.org/10.22515/albalagh.v9i2.9569

Yılmaz, F. (2023). Iqbal, Nietzsche, and Nihilism: Reconstruction of Sufi Cosmology and Revaluation of Sufi Values in Asrar-i-Khudî. Open Philosophy, 6(1), 20220230. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0230

Zega, Y. A., & Bilo, D. T. (2024). Moderasi dan Literasi: Militansi Pendidikan Kristen dalam Menghadapi Tantangan Ujaran Kebencian di Era Digital. Jurnal Ilmiah Religiosity Entity Humanity (JIREH), 6(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.37364/jireh.v6i1.178

Downloads

Published

2026-10-20

How to Cite

Khairul Anam, R. (2026). The Resilient Digital Self: An Islamic Educational Philosophy of Iqbal’s Khudi for Interfaith Harmony: (Diri Digital yang Tangguh: Rekonstruksi Filsafat Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Khudi Iqbal untuk Membangun Harmoni Antaragama). Journal of Islamic Education and Intellectual Discourse (JIED), 2(3), 246–268. https://doi.org/10.37304/jied.v2i3.26998

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.